Each student will write an article on a genetic disorder of his/her choice. The article will be submitted in two parts totaling a minimum of 3,000 words (not including the reference page). The article should include (but not be limited to) the following information:

1. Detailed description of the disease, including whatever name(s) might be used to identify it.
2. Inheritance patterns of the disease, with a description of that type of inheritance.
3.  Description of disease should include OMIM number and references (www.omim.org).
4. The molecular basis for the disease.
5. Treatment for the disease.
6. Prognosis for the disease.

Part 1 should cover:

1. Detailed description of the disease, including whatever name(s) might be used to identify it.
2. Inheritance patterns of the disease, with a description of that type of inheritance.

These two topics must be covered extensively. The gene nomenclature rules should be followed (http://www.genenames.org/about/guidelines) throughout. This part of your paper should be approximately 1,500 words in length.

The textbook is considered a valid source for information, as well as other textbooks, but 20 or more original peer-reviewed articles need to be used and cited. Genetic databases, NIH, CDC and other appropriate research centers are good resources, but do not count toward the number of peer-reviewed sources. The reference page should contain all references that are appropriate for and were mentioned in the text of the paper.

Important technology development. site 1 invention,innovation or process developed during that period.

how it assisted in completing work.

– Create an example of classical conditioning to produce an assigned natural response. ( Fear, happiness, or so on )

– Identify the Unconditioned stimulus  , unconditioned response, conditional stimulus , and conditional response.

– Describe the process of learning through classical conditioning.

– Create an example of an operant conditioning situation.

– Identify which operant conditioning method you would use to either increase or decrease the specified behavior.

– Describe how positive reinforcement , negative reinforcement , and punishment can influence behavior.

There have been several classic experiments to study and describe classical conditioning; one of the more famous is the Little Albert experiment. Over the years, the experiment has lost some of its validity due to numerous interpretations by several introductory psychology textbooks. It is, therefore, beneficial to go back to the original (or primary) source and read what the authors of the experiment themselves had to say.

 

 

 

Search line: “conditioned emotional reactions” (in quotation marks). Find the article in the search results by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner. Watson J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920).Conditioned emotional reactions.Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3(1), 1–14.
Help finding article in Library

Read the article and answer the following questions in your essay:

• Explain the initial pairing of the banging bar and the rat in terms of learning through classical conditioning. What are unconditioned stimulus (US), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR)?
• How were Watson and Rayner able to condition Albert to react to different stimuli such as masks, other animals, and a fur coat? Explain the concept of generalization.
• Why didn’t the conditioning last over time? Explain the concept of extinction.
• Considering the current standards, can the same experiment be conducted (or replicated) by researchers today? Explain some of the ethical issues related to the experiment.

– Create an example of classical conditioning to produce an assigned natural response. ( Fear, happiness, or so on )

– Identify the Unconditioned stimulus  , unconditioned response, conditional stimulus , and conditional response.

– Describe the process of learning through classical conditioning.

– Create an example of an operant conditioning situation.

– Identify which operant conditioning method you would use to either increase or decrease the specified behavior.

– Describe how positive reinforcement , negative reinforcement , and punishment can influence behavior.

In response to increasing criticism over its sponsorship of physician-education courses (and the suggestion of undue influence on doctors prescriptions and procedures), the drug maker Pfizer announced in July 2008 that it would no longer pay marketing communications companies to arrange continuing medical education (CME) courses, which doctors must take to maintain their licenses. Pfizer said it would support medical education only when it was put on by hospitals and professional medical associations. Zimmer Holdings, a medical device manufacturer that manufactures hip, knee, and elbow implants, suspended funding of all CME activity. The company said it will restrict the way it funds courses in the future by identifying an independent third party, such as a professional society, to organize educational programs.

 

“We understand that even the appearance of conflicts in CME is damaging, and we are determined to take actions that are in the best interests of patients and physicians,” Dr. Joseph M. Feczko, Pfizer’s chief medical officer, said in a press release.

 

Industry support for CME has quadrupled since 1988, to $1.2 billion a year, according to the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), an organization in Chicago that approves CME providers. More than half of that is funneled to marketers, with the rest going to hospitals, medical associations, and other nonprofit entities.

 

As industry money for continuing education proliferates, so do worries that many of the courses have become at least partly aimed at promoting products. The industry and its outside marketers say they ensure that the courses remain free of commercial influence. But some medical experts argue that when employees of communications firms are beholden to pharmaceutical and device companies, they will produce CME courses that are slanted in favor of their sponsors, even if they don’t realize what they are doing. “There’s not only a perception of bias, there’s a reality,” says Dave Davis, a vice president of Association of America Medical Colleges.

 

In January 2010, Pfizer appeared to modify its 2008 position by announcing a $3 million grant to Stanford University to create continuing medical education courses that the company claims will come with “no conditions, and the company will not be involved in developing the curriculum.” However, critics have argued that the curriculum will most likely focus on at least two areas in which Pfizer has major product lines: smoking cessation and heart disease.

 

 

 

Case #1

 

#1) Where is the conflict of interest in this CME relationship?

#2) Do you think doctors are likely to be influenced by such promotional tactics? Why or why not?

#3) If the pharmaceutical company is paying for the event, shouldn’t it have the right to promote its products at the event? Why or why not?

#4) Pfizer stated in 2008 that it would only support medical education put on by hospitals and professional medical associations. How can it then justify the Stanford grant?

#5) Has Pfizer simply replaced one conflict of interest with another? Why or why not?

#6) Propose an alternative approach to ensure that CME is provided without a conflict of interest.

 

1)   Explain problems which may arise if there is not enough planning to receive refugees or asylum seekers?

2)      ‘2) Religion has nothing to do with politics’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer showing that you have thought about more than one point of view

 

3)      3) ‘Projects which faith communities organise have no effect on local communities. They just make believers feel good’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer showing that you have thought about more than one point of view

Case Analysis : Cooper Processing Company.

What is plant? how many kinds of plant do we have? state and explain the type of plants we have?

What is 6m-2=m+13